Fig. 4

Heat map showing the frequencies of the non-synonymous SNPs frequencies (max freq > 0.05 in at least one population) in the VGSC gene in the An. gambiae s.l. populations over time. The X-axis shows the An. gambiae s.l. populations and the sampling periods. The Y-axis shows the non-synonymous SNPs positions in the chromosome 2L and the corresponding amino acid change. The gradient colour bar shows the distribution of the allelic frequencies